In the multicenter “AMPLIFY NEOVAC” clinical study DKTK investigators explore a combination immunotherapy for treatment of aggressive brain tumors, malignant glioma. The approach is to boost tumor vaccination, previously developed within DKTK, with so-called immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which have shown impressive therapeutic activity for other tumors by unblocking the patient’s own immune system. In this trial the immunotherapy will be initiated before a planned resection. The aim of the study is to assess efficacy and to analyze intratumoral anti-tumor immune effects of the combined vaccination/ICI treatment using detailed molecular and immunological studies. These analyses are expected to reveal important mechanisms of response and resistance to targeted immunotherapy in brain tumors.